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Èùó ðàáîòó: äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ ìîåãî ðåçþìå ïèøèòå íà: jar2@list.ru

  Âëäåëåö ýòîãî ðåñóðñà, âûñîêîêâàëèôèöèðîâàííûé ñ 15 ëåòíèì îïûòîì ïðåïîäîâàòåëü/íîñèòåëü àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà, èùåò ðàáîòó è íîâûõ êëèåíòîâ. Ïîäãàòîâêà ê ñëåäóþùèì ýêçàìåíàì: BEC, IELTS, TOEFL, FCE, CAE, CPE, GMAT (ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÓÞ ×ÀÑÒÜ), ÅÃÝ ïî àíãëèéñêîìó è äðóãèõ. Ìíîãî ëåòíèé îïûò ðàáîòû ñ äåòüìè îò 5 ëåò, äåëîâîé àíãëèéñêèé äëÿ ðàçíûõ èíäóñòðèé. Ðàáîòàþ ïî ïðîâåðåííîé ìåòîäèêå êîìóíèêàòèâíîãî îáó÷åíèÿ. Ñïåöèàëüííûå ïîäêîòîâêè ïî ïðîèçíîøåíèþ è âîñïðèÿòèþ àíãëèéñêîé ðå÷è íà ñëóõ. Òàê æå èùó ðàáîòó â ñôåðàõ: àóäèî çàïèñåé, â èíòåðíåò/ñåòåâîì ðàçâèòè. Ãîòîâ ïðîñìîòðåòü ëþáûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Çâîíèòå Äæîíó 8-965-131-5479. Äëÿ çàïðîñîâ ìîåãî ðåçþìå íà àíãëèéñêîì èëè íà ðóññêîì îòîøëèòå e-mail íà jar2@list.ru.

READ MORE   Fighting the Bandits

May your struggles in the attainment of knowledge

lead you to enlightenment and the fulfillment of  your dreams. JARII

Word of the day/week/month:

ESCHEW OBFUSCATION

 Longest words?

The word in the link is the chemical name for tryptophan synthetase A protein. It appears
in Mrs Byrne's Dictionary of Unusual, Obscure and Preposterous Words:

Actually this is: floccinaucinihilipilification
Pron: (flok"su-nô"su-nI"hil-u-pil"u-fi-kA'shun)—n. Rare.the estimation of something as valueless.

Usually encountered as an example of one of the longest English words. As opposed to words such as the monster above, and others, such as antidisestablishmentarianism, this word has a practical and useful meaning and is thus considered  the longest "real" word in the English language. John

JAR2, ÌÎÑÊÂÀ/ËÞÁÅÐÖÛ, ÐÎÑÑÈß

  I am a professional EFL teacher in Russia. For over thirteen years I worked 75-80 hours a week building up a school for BKC-Ih and serving my clients and students. In the winter of 2008-2009, in a criminal takeover, management changed at the school where I had worked since 1997 and they started cutting my salary and then, claiming there is a financial crisis they stopped paying me altogether. After demanding my pay that had been being held back for months, I was removed. I took them to court. Then the bandits who took over the school started threatening me and my family, going so far as to try to break into my flat and engage me in a high speed chase. That was not enough, then the slander and the threats grew. How could they? I worked there tirelessly for 13 years. I taught thousands of people, but did that matter to them? No. Did it matter that I was always a dependable employee who never once missed a day of work in 13 years? No. Do they care about the students or the education they receive? No, They only care about the money they get. And that is all. For them only money is what matters. Nothing more. They lie and cheat and steal and betray the trust of everyone around them, they mistake kindness for weakness, and honesty for stupidity. They think the law is a tool to use to help them break it. They have no consciences, the have no morality, and they call it business. For shame!

 Info on US Dollars

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   THESE ARE THE ORIGINAL PAGES FROM 2003 IN THE INTERESTS OF CURATION THEY ARE NOT CHANGED

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 .: 9-11: An Inside Job :. jar2

"9/11 was not an inside job..." - Bill Clinton 03-04-08

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Logic Logic Puzzles  31  Logic Puzzles Answers (ZIP) Seven  Problems of the Century Online Web Quiz Web Quiz   Tomlinson’s Book 

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Science: Social Sciences: Psychology: Tests and Testing  (96)

ACE Intelligence Website - Free IQ tests, including an official test and weekly changing tests.

Alpha Omega IQ Links - Links to various free online IQ tests.

Business and Employee I.Q. Tests - Free test for employees and businesses. For more accurate results, an official test is obtainable.

Cognitive Reasoning Register - Measurement of ability to learn, solve problems, and intellectual acuity. Often used pre-hire for management and IT professional assessment.

Daily IQ Test - Daily changing IQ-style questions of diverse nature for fun and learning purposes.

Davideck IQ Tests - The IQ Tests page of Dave Desk's Personality and IQ Tests portal. Each quiz has a rating.

Difficult IQ tests - Comprehensive list of IQ tests and IQ societies.

Emode's Ultimate IQ Test - Free Ph.D. certified test. You get a 15-page personalized analysis.

Encephalist-R22 - High-range test downloadable as PDF file; web site contains statistics for the test.

European IQ Test - Free online IQ test.

Fast Comprehensive IQ Test - Short online IQ test.

Foritensum - A very difficult culture-fair test.

2 Free Online IQ Tests - Answer 40 questions in 30 minutes and receive an analysis with your IQ.

GliaWeb - IQ testing in Dutch and English offered along with IQ Society membership. Includes: links, games, and newsletter.

Hangar Z's BrainStorm - This site uses scientificly proven principals to help stimulate your thought process. Part of the Hangar Z Network

In-Depth IQ Test - Free 12-minute test.

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International High IQ Society - Professional free online IQ tests; you can choose between Flash and HTML version. Membership possible.

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On-Site:

 
   
Note about books:  
Not all of the files below have been put together by me, so if you notice any errors please contact me, I have not read all of the material contained herein in the format presented however after glancing through some of the material I have noticed a few mistakes. Thanks go out to textz.com for all their work.  
WHERE ARE THE BOOKS?????

Today I got this:

Hi,

I see that you have a large number of SF stories on your site, http://jar2.com/2/Students/Books/ .

I'm Andrew Burt, from the Science Fiction & Fantasy Writers of America, and chair of the Electronic Piracy Committee. While I appreciate that you have only put these works up because you enjoy them and want to share them, unfortunately it's a copyright violation to post them without the authors' permission. Besides being illegal, it in fact hurts the very authors that you like, and their families, and the SF field as a whole. (See http://www.sfwa.org/epiracy/faq.htm for details on how e-piracy hurts authors.)

Thus I have to ask that you remove the texts of the actual works immediately. I might suggest instead providing links to e.g. Amazon as authoritative and legitimate sources, or even half.com for that matter. I'd rather have you take them down yourself than have your ISP or a DNS provider disable your entire site as we have to do for hardcore pirates, and we try to take a gentler approach than e.g. the RIAA (suing 12 year old girls on welfare), but the work still has to come down, hence this letter.

Anyway, please notify me that you've removed these works entirely from your site. (Remove the files themselves, else Google can still keep them cached.) Thanks.

Thanks,

--
Dr. Andrew Burt
Chair, ePiracy Committee, SFWA
www.sfwa.org/epiracy

So I removed everything.

Then I got this, complete with links to sites, promoted by the same author of the first letter, that provide free books on-line:

Hi, John, thanks for removing the material.  Even if you only intended it for your students, Google found it and made it available to the entire world.

As for obtaining print books in English, I know that Amazon ships internationally, including to Russia.  Amazon.com does, and possibly you might get even better shipping rates from one of the European based Amazon sites, like Amazon.uk.

Another idea would be to find someone in the US who could purchase the materials then ship them to you in bulk; I imagine that would be cheaper than Amazon's shipping rate since Amazon covers more costs than simply the postal cost.

I deal with the folks at Amazon, so I'll bounce the idea off them of having a special shipping rate for educational materials.

Fortunately this shipping problem is headed out the door; in 10-20 years books will simply be digital (e.g. digital paper, digital ink), so there won't be any shipping.  As that day approaches, more and more will be available in "ordinary" e-book form; keep an eye on Amazon for that, as well as Google, Yahoo, and Microsoft.
Another step on that path is http://www.openlibrary.org .  The number of titles at these places will be growing by leaps and bounds.  One of my efforts is to find ways to make many titles available there.  Also try http://www.baen.com/library , the Baen Free Library, which is mostly science fiction.
Andrew
Dr. Andrew Burt 

           Comp.Sci. Dept, University of Denver                                         aburt.com      Co-Director, Institute for Digital Security
             
     Chair, ePiracy Committee

                      www.sfwa.org/epiracy
 SFWA (Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, Inc.)

It seemed hypocritical that someone fighting piracy would promote the very thing he is fighting against. So I uploaded the books below, in white, back onto the server. I guess we will have to wait and see what happens next. Since the work here in question can not be categorized as Science Fiction it should not be a problem. Dr. Burt was very polite and I do not have anything against him I just do not like being told what to host and what not to host by someone who is trying to host the same things I host, you follow that?
 

On-Site:  
The following books and stories are on the server at this time:

 These topics have been of interest

   
Adams Douglas-The Hitch Hiker's Guide to the          Galaxy                                                               Blood Types (Western Classification)
Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights Drag Racing
Robert Heinlein The Puppet Masters  
Ernest Hemingway The Garden of Eden  
Robert Heinlein Glory Road  
Robert Heinlein Citizen of the Galaxy  
Robert Heinlein Starship Troopers  
Stephen King The Library Policeman  
Stephen King The Shining  
Karl Marx Manifesto of the Communist Party  
   
These short stories by Poe are unformatted but should make for good reading nonetheless. Here's some work by Shakespeare, enjoy it!
   
Edgar Allan Poe A Descent into the Maelstrom William Shakespeare Titus Andronicus
Edgar Allan Poe The Balloon-Hoax William Shakespeare A Midsummer Nights Dream
Edgar Allan Poe The Black Cat William Shakespeare As You Like It
Edgar Allan Poe The Cask of Amontillado William Shakespeare Hamlet
Edgar Allan Poe The Domain of Arnheim William Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Edgar Allan Poe The Facts in the Case of M Valdemar                                                                William Shakespeare King Lear
Edgar Allan Poe The Fall of the House of Usher William Shakespeare Macbeth
Edgar Allan Poe The Gold-Bug William Shakespeare Much Ado About Nothing
Edgar Allan Poe The Island of the Fay William Shakespeare Othello
Edgar Allan Poe The Man of the Crowd William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet
Edgar Allan Poe The Murders in the Rue Morgue William Shakespeare Sonnets
Edgar Allan Poe The Mystery of Marie Roget William Shakespeare The Comedy of Errors
Edgar Allan Poe The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket William Shakespeare The Tempest
Edgar Allan Poe The Oblong Box  
Edgar Allan Poe The Oval Portrait  
Edgar Allan Poe The Pit and the Pendulum Leo Tolstoy  Anna Karenina
Edgar Allan Poe The Premature Burial Leo Tolstoy War and Peace
Edgar Allan Poe The Purloined Letter Richard Tomlinson The Big Breach
Edgar Allan Poe The Spectacles Mark Twain The War Prayer
Edgar Allan Poe The Sphinx Sun Tzu The Art of War
Edgar Allan Poe The System of Dr Tarr and Prof Fether H G Wells The Invisible Man
Edgar Allan Poe The Tell-Tale Heart H G Wells The Time Machine
Edgar Allan Poe The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade H G Wells The War of the Worlds
Edgar Allan Poe The  Mask of the Red Death Oscar Wilde the  Picture of Dorian Gray
This is the work that so incensed Muslims. Oscar Wilde The Importance of Being Earnest
   
Salman Rushdie The Satanic Verses  
   
   

Off-Site:

Short Stories

The Assignation
Berenice
The Black Cat
The Cask of Amontillado
A Descent into the Maelstrom
The Devil in the Belfry
The Domain of Arnheim
Eleonora
The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar
The Fall of the House of Usher
The Gold-Bug
The Imp of the Perverse
The Island of the Fay
Landor's Cottage
The Masque of the Red Death
Mesmeric Revelation
The Murders in the Rue Morgue
The Oblong Box
The Pit and the Pendulum
The Premature Burial
The Purloined Letter
Silence -- a Fable
The Tell-Tale Heart
The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherezade
Von Kempelen and his Discovery
William Wilson

Poetry

Alone
Annabel Lee
Eldorado
Lenore
Sonnet: To Science
The Bells
The Raven
To Helen
Ulalume
 

 

 

Tragedies

Antony and Cleopatra
Coriolanus
Hamlet
Julius Caesar
King Lear
Macbeth
Othello
Romeo and Juliet
Timon of Athens
Titus Andronicus

Histories

King Henry IV Part 1
King Henry IV Part 2
King Henry V
King Henry VI Part 1
King Henry VI Part 2
King Henry VI Part 3
King Henry VIII
King John
Richard II
Richard III

Comedies

All's Well That Ends Well
As You Like It
Comedy of Errors
Cymbeline
Love's Labour's Lost
Measure for Measure
Merchant of Venice
Merry Wives of Windsor
Midsummer Night's Dream
Much Ado About Nothing
Pericles, Prince of Tyre
Taming of the Shrew
Tempest
Troilus and Cressida
Twelfth Night
Two Gentlemen of Verona
Winter's Tale

Poetry

A Lover's Complaint
Sonnets 1-30
Sonnets 121-154
Sonnets 31-60
Sonnets 61-90
Sonnets 91-120
The Passionate Pilgrim
The Phoenix and the Turtle
The Rape of Lucrece
Venus and Adonis

 

   

 Off-Site "text com is dead":

A lot of the books on this site come from TEXTZ.com so please support them. Tell your friends, share the links and share the knowledge. If a guy has the sheer patience to type out entire books so that we can all read them he must be lauded. John

Copy Adorno, Go To Jail? Textz.com Doesn't Think So

The Hamburg Foundation for the Advancement of Science and Culture, presided by Jan Philipp Reemtsma, has just advanced science and culture to a whole new level: Sebastian Luetgert, the founder of textz.com, is facing a warrant of arrest and may go to jail if he fails to pay more than 2,300 euros in damages for the alleged copying of two essays by Theodor W. Adorno that the foundation claims as their "intellectual property". Reemtsma was kindly asked to settle, but refused.

The case dates back to August 2002, when the foundation filed for a preliminary injunction against Luetgert at the Hamburg State Court, referring to the alleged distibution of two works by Theodor W. Adorno, "Jargon der Eigentlichkeit" and "Fascism and Anti-Semitic Propaganda". Since not a single e-mail was sent to notify textz.com of the matter, and since written notification failed to reach the defendant, textz.com only learned about the issue after a few days. The works in question were immediately removed from the site to avoid any further legal hassles.

In December 2003, Luetgert found himself confronted with a warrant of arrest, obtained against him by the Hamburg Foundation, citing unpaid claims related to the unauthorized copying of said works. In January 2004, Luetgert addressed the issue in a letter to Reemtsma and asked for a scholarship so he could pay this debt and avoid jail time. Reemtsma did not reply, but handed the letter over tohis foundation's lawyers - Senfft, Kersten, Voss-Andreae & Schwenn - who insist on the payment of 2,331.32 Euros for alleged damages and legal fees.

Textz.com believes that an "intellectual proprietor" of Theodor W. Adorno and Walter Benjamin who claims to advance science and culture by sending people to jail for taking Adorno and Benjamin serious is seriously wrong on a whole number of points. The Hamburg Foundation undererstimates the resistance of their possessions against their legal protection just as much as their lawyers underestimate the ability of the Internet to route around damage. In the end, they may even be wrong in thinking that they will ever get their property back.

Today, in an open letter (
http://textz.com/adorno/open_letter.txt), Reemtsma has been notified that his foundation's "intellectual property" has been returned to the public domain. This first-of-its-kind protest signals a refusal to let copyright holders and lawyers censor the very works they pretend to protect and control what the public can archive or read. There is a universal right to copy that will never cease to apply, and there is copyright legislation that will.
We're just at the beginning.

Textz.com
February 24, 2004


http://textz.com
mailto:textz@textz.org


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

How you can support textz.com:

- Spread the word. Tell your friends, tell a journalist, write about it, put it
  on a website, post it to a mailing list, etc. Textz.com is also available for
  interviews, just mail to press@textz.org.

- Sign our petition at
http://textz.com/adorno/petition.html.

- Write a letter to Jan Philipp Reemtsma, Hamburg Foundation for the Advancement
  of Science and Culture, Mittelweg 36, 20148 Hamburg, Germany. If you like,
  send a copy of your letter to
textz@textz.org.

- Donate to textz.com via
http://textz.com/adorno/donate.html.

- Buy a copy of Robert Luxemburg's "The Conceptual Crisis of Private Property as
  a Crisis in Practice" (
http://textz.com/crisis). All proceedings will go to
  textz.com's fund for legal expenses.

-
Put our "Free Adorno" banner () on your
  website, and/or link to http://textz.com/adorno.

- Meet textz.com at Neuro Festival, February 26-29, Munich, Germany (check
  http://neuro.kein.org for details) and join our discussion about further
  strategies in this case.

- Select all, copy, paste, save, upload, share. Reappropriate. (And remember:
  there is no need to break what you can circumvent. Don't innovate, imitate.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Related links:

Documentation of our correspondence:
http://textz.com/adorno/documentation.de.txt
http://textz.com/adorno/documentation.en-babelfish.txt

Press coverage:
http://textz.com/adorno/press.de.txt
http://textz.com/adorno/press.en-babelfish.txt

Open Letter to Jan Philipp Reemtsma:
http://textz.com/adorno/open_letter.txt

The Work of Art in the Age of Digital Reproduction:
http://textz.com/adorno/work_of_art.txt

Franz Kafka on "intellectual property":
http://textz.com/kafka

Textz.com mission statement, early 2001:
http://textz.com/concept

What others say about textz.com:
http://textz.com/press

The textz that textz.com is all about:
http://textz.com/cache
http://textz.com/textz

Some state-of-the-art copyright circumvention technologies:
http://textz.com/trash
http://textz.com/crisis

Some more stuff we have not yet been sued for:
http://textz.com/search
http://textz.com/news

Drop us a line, send us a text, or subscribe to our newsletter:
http://textz.com/contact

Finally, while freeing Adorno, please free the Grey Album too:
http://textz.com/greyalbum/greyalbum.html




 SOURCE Science News

1. What is the hottest place on Earth?
Count one wrong if you guessed Death Valley in California. True enough on many days. But El Azizia in Libya recorded a temperature of 136 degrees Fahrenheit (57.8 Celsius) on Sept. 13, 1922 — the hottest ever measured. In Death Valley, it got up to 134 Fahrenheit on July 10, 1913.

2. And the coldest place around here?
Far and away, the coldest temperature ever measured on Earth was -129 Fahrenheit (-89 Celsius) at Vostok, Antarctica, on July 21, 1983.

3. What makes thunder?
If you thought, “Lightning!” then hats off to you. But I had a more illuminating answer in mind. The air around a lightning bolt is superheated to about five times the temperature of the sun. This sudden heating causes the air to expand faster than the speed of sound, which compresses the air and forms a shock wave; we hear it as thunder.

4. Can rocks float?
In a volcanic eruption, the violent separation of gas from lava produces a “frothy” rock called pumice, loaded with gas bubbles. Some of it can float, geologists say. I’ve never seen this happen, and I’m thankful for that.

5. Can rocks grow?
Yes, but observing the process is less interesting than watching paint dry. Rocks called iron-manganese crusts grow on mountains under the sea. The crusts precipitate material slowly from seawater, growing about 1 millimeter every million years. Your fingernails grow about the same amount every two weeks.

6. How much space dust falls to Earth each year?
Estimates vary, but the USGS says at least 1,000 million grams, or roughly 1,000 tons of material enters the atmosphere every year and makes its way to Earth’s surface. One group of scientists claims microbes rain down from space, too, and that extraterrestrial organisms are responsible for flu epidemics. There’s been no proof of this, and I’m not holding my breath.

7. How far does regular dust blow in the wind?
A 1999 study showed that African dust finds its way to Florida and can help push parts of the state over the prescribed air quality limit for particulate matter set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The dust is kicked up by high winds in North Africa and carried as high as 20,000 feet (6,100 meters), where it’s caught up in the trade winds and carried across the sea. Dust from China makes its way to North America, too.

8. Where is the world’s highest waterfall?
The water of Angel Falls in Venezuela drops 3,212 feet (979 meters).

9. What two great American cities are destined to merge?
The San Andreas fault, which runs north-south, is slipping at a rate of about 2 inches (5 centimeters) per year, causing Los Angeles to move towards San Francisco. Scientists forecast L.A. will be a suburb of the City by the Bay in about 15 million years.

10. Is Earth a sphere?
Because the planet rotates and is more flexible than you might imagine, it bulges at the midsection, creating a sort of pumpkin shape. The bulge was lessening for centuries but now, suddenly, it is growing, a recent study showed. Accelerated melting of Earth’s glaciers is taking the blame for the gain in equatorial girth.

11. What would a 100-pound person weigh on Mars?
The gravity on Mars is 38 percent of that found on Earth at sea level. So a 100-pound person on Earth would weigh 38 pounds on Mars. Based on NASA’s present plans, it’ll be decades before this assumption can be observationally proved, however.

12. How long is a Martian year?
It’s a year long, if you’re from Mars. To an earthling, it’s nearly twice as long. The Red Planet takes 687 Earth days to go around the sun — compared with 365 days for Earth. Taking into account Mars’ different rotational time (see No. 13 below) calendars on Mars would be about 670 days long with some leap days needed to keep things square. If you find one, please mail it to me. I’m curious how they worked out the months, given they have two moons. (The initial publication of this fact mistakenly said a Mars calendar would have 687 days.)

13. How long is the average Martian day?
A Martian can sleep (or work) an extra half-hour every day compared to you. Mars days are 24 hours and 37 minutes long, compared with 23 hours, 56 minutes on Earth. A day on any planet in our solar system is determined by how long it takes the world to spin once on its axis, making the sun appear to rise in the morning and sending it down in the evening.

14. What is the largest volcano?
The Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii holds the title here on Earth. It rises more than 50,000 feet (9.5 miles or 15.2 kilometers) above its base, which sits under the surface of the sea. But that’s all volcanic chump change. Olympus Mons on Mars rises 16 miles (26 kilometers) into the Martian sky. Its base would almost cover the entire state of Arizona.

15. What was the deadliest known earthquake?
The world’s deadliest recorded earthquake occurred in 1557 in central China. It struck a region where most people lived in caves carved from soft rock. The dwellings collapsed, killing an estimated 830,000 people. In 1976 another deadly temblor struck Tangshan, China. More than 250,000 people were killed.

16. What was the strongest earthquake in recent times?
A 1960 Chilean earthquake, which occurred off the coast, had a magnitude of 9.6 and broke a fault more than 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) long. An earthquake like that under a major city would challenge the best construction techniques.

17. Which earthquake was more catastrophic: Kobe, Japan or Northridge, California?
The 1994 Northridge earthquake had a magnitude of 6.7 and was responsible for approximately 60 deaths, 9,000 injuries and more than $40 billion in damage. The Kobe earthquake of 1995 was magnitude 6.8 and killed 5,530 people. There were 37,000 injuries and more than $100 billion in economic loss.

18. How far is it to the center of the earth?
The distance from the surface of Earth to the center is about 3,963 miles (6,378 kilometers). Much of Earth is fluid. The mostly solid skin of the planet is only 41 miles (66 kilometers) thick — thinner than the skin of an apple, relatively speaking.

19. What is the highest mountain?
Climbers who brave Mount Everest in the Nepal-Tibet section of the Himalayas reach 29,035 feet (nearly 9 kilometers) above sea level. Its height was revised upward by 7 feet based on measurements made in 1999 using the satellite-based Global Positioning System.

20. Has the moon always been so close?
It used to be much closer! A billion years ago, the moon was in a tighter orbit, taking just 20 days to go around us and make a month. A day on Earth back then was only 18 hours long. The moon is still moving away — about 1.6 inches (4 centimeters) a year. Meanwhile, Earth’s rotation is slowing down, lengthening our days. In the distant future, a day will be 960 hours long! (Find out why.)

21. Where is the lowest dry point on Earth?
The shore of the Dead Sea in the Middle East is about 1,300 feet (400 meters) below sea level. Not even a close second is Bad Water in Death Valley, Calif., at a mere 282 feet below sea level.

22. Good thing California isn’t sinking further, right?
Actually parts of it are, which is so interesting that I snuck this non-question onto the list. In a problem repeated elsewhere in the country, the pumping of natural underground water reservoirs in California is causing the ground to sink up to 4 inches (11 centimeters) per year in places. Water and sewage systems may soon be threatened.

23. What is the longest river?
The Nile River in Africa is 4,160 miles (6,695 kilometers) long.

24. What is the most earthquake-prone state in the United States?
Alaska experiences a magnitude 7 earthquake almost every year, and a magnitude 8 or greater earthquake on average every 14 years. Florida and North Dakota get the fewest earthquakes in the states, even fewer than New York.

25. What’s the driest place on Earth?
A place called Arica, in Chile, gets just 0.03 inches (0.76 millimeters) of rain per year. At that rate, it would take a century to fill a coffee cup.

26. What causes a landslide?
Intense rainfall over a short period of time can trigger shallow, fast-moving mud and debris flows. Slow, steady rainfall over a long period of time may trigger deeper, slow-moving landslides. Different materials behave differently, too. Every year as much as $2 billion in landslide damage occurs in the United States. In a record-breaking storm in the San Francisco area in January 1982, some 18,000 debris flows were triggered during a single night! Property damage was over $66 million, and 25 people died.

27. How fast can mud flow?
Debris flows are like mud avalanches that can move at speeds in excess of 100 mph (160 kilometers per hour).

28. Do things inside Earth flow?
You bet. In fact, scientists found in 1999 that molten material in and around Earth’s core moves in vortices, swirling pockets whose dynamics are similar to tornadoes and hurricanes. And as you’ll learn later in this list, the planet’s core moves in other strange ways, too.

29. What is the wettest place on Earth?
Lloro, Colombia, averages 523.6 inches of rainfall a year, or more than 40 feet (13 meters). That’s about 10 times more than fairly wet major cities in Europe or the United States.

30. Does Earth go through phases, like the moon?
From Mars, Earth would be seen to go through distinct phases (just as we see Venus change phases). Earth is inside the orbit of Mars, and as the two planets travel around the sun, sunlight would strike our home planet from different angles during the year. Earth phases can be seen in recent photographs taken by Mars Global Surveyor and the European Mars Express.

31. What is the largest canyon?
The Grand Canyon is billed as the world’s largest canyon system. Its main branch is 277 miles (446 kilometers) long. But let’s compare. Valles Marineris on Mars extends for about 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometers). If it were added to a U.S. map, it would stretch from New York City to Los Angeles. In places this vast scar on the Martian surface is 5 miles (8 kilometers) deep.

32. What is the deepest canyon in the United States?
Over the eons, the Snake River dug Hell’s Canyon along the Oregon-Idaho border. It is more than 8,000 feet (2.4 kilometers) deep. In contrast, the Grand Canyon is less than 6,000 feet deep — a bit more than a mile.

33. Is Earth the largest rocky planet in the solar system?
Just barely! Earth’s diameter at the equator is 7,926 miles (12,756 kilometers). Venus is 7,521 miles (12,104 kilometers) wide. Mercury and Mars, the other two inner rocky planets, are much smaller. Pluto is rocky, too, but it’s comparatively tiny (and some say it is not a planet at all).

34. How many of Earth’s volcanoes are known to have erupted in historic time?
About 540 volcanoes on land are known. No one knows how many undersea volcanoes have erupted through history.

35. Is air mostly oxygen?
Earth’s atmosphere is actually about 80 percent nitrogen. Most of the rest is oxygen, with tiny amounts of other stuff thrown in.

36. What is the highest waterfall in the United States?
Yosemite Falls in California is 2,425 feet (739 meters).

37. What percentage of the world’s water is in the oceans?
About 97 percent. Oceans make up about two-thirds of Earth’s surface, which means that when the next asteroid hits the planet, odds are good it will splash down.

38. Which two land masses contain the vast majority of the Earth’s fresh water supply?
Nearly 70 percent of the Earth’s fresh-water supply is locked up in the icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland. The remaining fresh-water supply exists in the atmosphere, streams, lakes, or groundwater and accounts for a mere 1 percent of Earth’s total.

39. Which of Earth’s oceans is the largest?
The Pacific Ocean covers 64 million square miles (165 million square kilometers). It is more than two times the size of the Atlantic. It has an average depth of 2.4 miles (3.9 kilometers).

40. Why is Earth mostly crater-free compared to the pockmarked moon?
Earth is more active, in terms of both geology and weather. Much of our planet’s geologic history was long ago folded back inside. Some of that is regurgitated by volcanoes, but the results are pretty hard to study. Even more recent events evident on the surface — craters that can by millions of years old — get overgrown by vegetation, weathered by wind and rain, and modified by earthquakes and landslides. The moon, meanwhile, is geologically quiet and has almost no weather; its craters tell a billions-year-long tale of catastrophic collisions. Interestingly, some of the oldest Earth rocks might be awaiting discovery on the moon, having been blasted there billions of years ago by the very asteroid impacts that rattle both worlds.

41. How much surface area does Earth contain?
There are 196,950,711 square miles (510,100,000 square kilometers).

42. What is the largest lake in the world?
By size and volume it is the Caspian Sea, located between southeast Europe and west Asia.

43. Where do most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur on Earth?
The majority occur along boundaries of the dozen or so major plates that more or less float on the surface of Earth. One of the most active plate boundaries where earthquakes and eruptions are frequent, for example, is around the massive Pacific Plate commonly referred to as the Pacific Ring of Fire. It fuels shaking and baking from Japan to Alaska to South America.

44. How hot are the planet’s innards?
The temperature of Earth increases about 36 degrees Fahrenheit (20 degrees Celsius) for every kilometer (about 0.62 miles) you go down. Near the center, its thought to be at least 7,000 degrees Fahrenheit (3,870 Celsius).

45. What three countries have the greatest number of historically active volcanoes?
The top three countries are Indonesia, Japan and the United States in descending order of activity.

46. How many people worldwide are at risk from volcanoes?
As of the year 2000, USGS scientists estimated that volcanoes posed a tangible risk to at least 500 million people. This is comparable to the entire population of the world at the beginning of the seventeenth century!

47. Which of the following sources stores the greatest volume of fresh water worldwide: lakes, streams or ground water?
Groundwater comprises a 30 times greater volume than all freshwater lakes, and more than 3,000 times what’s in the world’s streams and rivers at any given time. Groundwater is housed in natural underground aquifers, in which the water typically runs around and through the stone and other material.

48. Which earthquake was larger, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake or the 1964 Anchorage, Alaska, temblor?
The Anchorage earthquake had a magnitude of 9.2, whereas the San Francisco earthquake was a magnitude 7.8. This difference in magnitude equates to 125 times more energy being released in the 1964 quake and accounts for why the Anchorage earthquake was felt over an area of almost 500,000 square miles (1,295,000 square kilometers).

49. Which earthquake was more destructive in terms of loss of life and relative damage costs, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake or the 1964 Anchorage earthquake?
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake tops this category. It was responsible for 700 deaths vs. 114 from the Anchorage earthquake. Property damage in San Francisco was also greater in relative terms due to the destructive fires that destroyed mostly wooden structures of the time.

50. Is Earth’s core solid?
The inner portion of the core is thought to be solid. But the outer portion of the core appears molten. We’ve never been there though, so scientists aren’t sure of the exact composition. A radical Hollywoodlike idea was recently put forth to blow a crack in the planet and send a probe down there to learn more. An interesting bit of recent evidence shows Mars’ core may be similarly squishy. Scientists figured this out by studying tides on Mars (tides on Mars?).

51. Does all of Earth spin at the same rate?
The solid inner core — a mass of iron comparable to the size of the moon — spins faster than the outer portion of the iron core, which is liquid. A study in 1996 showed that over the previous century, the extra speed caused the inner core to gain a quarter-turn on the planet as a whole. So the inner core makes a complete revolution with respect to the rest of Earth in about 400 years. Immense pressure keeps it solid.

52. How many people have been killed by volcanoes during the last 500 years?
At least 300,000. Between 1980 and 1990, volcanic activity killed at least 26,000 people.

53. How much of Earth’s surface consists of volcanic rock?
Scientists estimate that more than three-quarters of Earth’s surface is of volcanic origin — that is, rocks either erupted by volcanoes or molten rock that cooled below ground and has subsequently been exposed at the surface. Most of Earth’s volcanic rocks are found on the sea floor.

54. Can an earthquake cause a tsunami?
If the earthquake originates under the ocean, yes. Near the earthquake’s epicenter, the sea floor rises and falls, pushing all the water above it up and down. This motion produces a wave that travels outward in all directions. A tsunami can be massive but remain relatively low in height in deep water. Upon nearing the shore, it is forced up and can reach the height of tall buildings. One in 1964 was triggered in Alaska and swamped the small Northern California town of Crescent City, moving train cars several blocks and killing several people there. Asteroids can cause tsunami, too.

55. Are all tsunamis high waves when they strike a coastline?
No, contrary to many artistic images of tsunamis, most do not result in giant breaking waves. Rather, most tsunamis come onshore more like very strong and fast tides. The water can rise higher than anyone along a given shore area has ever seen, however.

56. How much of Earth’s land surface is desert?
About one-third.

57. What’s the deepest place in the ocean?
The greatest known depth is 36,198 feet (6.9 miles or 11 kilometers) at the Mariana Trench, in the Pacific Ocean well south of Japan near the Mariana Islands.

58. What is the fastest surface wind ever recorded?
The fastest “regular” wind that’s widely agreed upon was 231 mph (372 kilometers per hour), recorded at Mount Washington, N.H., on April 12, 1934. But during a May 1999 tornado in Oklahoma, researchers clocked the wind at 318 mph (513 kilometers per hour). For comparison, Neptune’s winds can rage to 900 mph (1,448 kilometers per hour).

59. How much fresh water is stored in the earth?
More than 2 million cubic miles of fresh water is stored in the planet, nearly half of it within a half-mile of the surface. Mars, too, appears to have a lot of water near its surface, but what’s been detected so far is locked up as ice; nobody has estimated how much might be there.

60. How old is Earth?
Our planet is more than 4.5 billion years old, just a shade younger than the sun. Recent evidence actually shows that Earth was formed much earlier than previously believed, just 10 million years after the birth of the sun, a stellar event typically put at 4.6 billion years ago.

61. What is the world’s largest desert?
The Sahara Desert in northern Africa is more than 23 times the size of southern California’s Mojave Desert.

62. Which planet has more moons, Earth or Mars?
Mars has two satellites, Phobos and Deimos. Earth has only one natural satellite, but it’s the moon. The outer planets have lots of moons, most of them found fairly recently and leading to the possibility that scientists might one day need to redefine what it means to be a moon.

63. What is the world’s deepest lake?
Lake Baikal in the south central part of Siberia is 5,712 feet (1.7 kilometers) deep. It’s about 20 million years old and contains 20 percent of Earth’s fresh liquid water.

64. What is the origin of the word “volcano”?
It derives from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.

65. How many minerals are known to exist?
There are roughly 4,000 known minerals, although only about 200 are of major importance. Approximately 50-100 new minerals are described each year.

66. What is the total water supply of the world?
The total water supply of the world is 326 million cubic miles (1 cubic mile of water equals more than 1 trillion gallons).

67. What is the world’s largest island?
Greenland covers 840,000 square miles (2,176,000 square kilometers). Continents are typically defined as land masses made of low-density rock that essentially floats on the molten material below. Greenland fits this description, but it’s only about one-third the size of Australia. Some scientists call Greenland an island, others say it’s a continent.

68. Where are most of Earth’s volcanoes?
The most prominent topographic feature on Earth is the immense volcanic mountain chain that encircles the planet beneath the sea — the chain is more than 30,000 miles (48,000 kilometers) long and rises an average of 18,000 feet (5.5 kilometers) above the seafloor. It is called the mid-ocean ridge and is where Earth’s plates spread apart as new crust bubbles up — volcanic activity. There are more volcanoes here than on land. The spreading, however, leads to scrunching when these plates slam into the continents. The result: more volcanoes and earthquakes in places like California and Japan.

69. What volcano killed the most people?
The eruption of Tambora volcano in Indonesia in 1815 is estimated to have killed 90,000 people. Most died from starvation after the eruption, though, because of widespread crop destruction, and from water contamination and disease.

70. Were Earth and the moon separated at birth?
Not quite. But leading theory holds that our favorite satellite was carved partly from Earth shortly after the Earth formed. A Mars-sized object slammed into our fledgling planet. The impactor was destroyed. Stuff flew everywhere and a lot of it went into orbit around Earth. The moon gathered itself together out of the largely vaporized remains of the collision, while Earth hung in there pretty much intact.

71. How many lightning strikes occur worldwide every second?
On average, about 100. Those are just the ones that hit the ground, though. During any given minute, there are more than a thousand thunderstorms around Earth causing some 6,000 flashes of lightning. A lot of it goes from cloud to cloud.

72. Are rivers alive?
Not in the traditional sense, of course. But like all living creatures, rivers have a life span. They are born, grow in size, and they age. They can even die during the span of geological time.

73. Can asteroids create islands?
Speculation has existed for decades that ancient asteroid impacts might create hot spots of volcanic activity, which could give rise to mountains that poke up through seas that didn’t used to be there. There’s no firm answer to this question, but a recent computer model suggested Hawaii might have been formed in this manner.

74. Is the state of Louisiana growing or shrinking?
Louisiana loses about 30 square miles (78 square kilometers) of land each year to coastal erosion, hurricanes, other natural and human causes and a thing called subsidence, which means sinking. Much of New Orleans actually sits 11 feet (3.4 meters) below sea level. Parts of the French quarter have sunk 2 feet in the past six decades. The city is protected by dikes, but all experts agree that storm tides from a direct hit by a major hurricane would breach the system and swamp much of the city. In 2000, the director of the U.S. Geological Survey, Chip Groat, said: “With the projected rate of subsidence, wetland loss and sea-level rise, New Orleans will likely be on the verge of extinction by this time next century.”

75. How much would seas rise if the Antarctic Ice Sheet melted?
The Antarctic Ice Sheet holds nearly 90 percent of the world’s ice and 70 percent of its fresh water. If the entire ice sheet were to melt, sea level would rise by nearly 220 feet, or the height of a 20-story building. Scientists know there’s a melting trend under way. The United Nations has said that in a worst-case scenario — depending on how much global air temperatures increase — seas could jump 3 feet (1 meter) by 2100.

76. Is ice a mineral?
Yes, ice is a mineral and is formally described as such in Dana’s System of Mineralogy.

77. What is the softest of all minerals?
Talc is the softest of minerals. It is commonly used to make talcum powder.

78. What is the hardest of all minerals?
The one that becomes emotionally useless after a divorce but still retains monetary value.

79. How are colors produced in fireworks?
Mineral elements taken from Earth provide the colors. Strontium yields deep reds, copper produces blue, sodium yields yellow, and iron filings and charcoal pieces produce gold sparks. Bright flashes and loud bangs come from aluminum powder.

80. Does Earth have the worst weather in the solar system?
Right now, it’s the worst that most humans I know ever experience. But there’s lots of wilder weather elsewhere. Mars can whip up hurricanelike storms four times bigger than Texas. Dust storms on the Red Planet can obscure the entire globe! Jupiter has a hurricane twice the size our entire planet, and it’s lasted for at least three centuries (another storm on Jupiter is even bigger). Venus is a living hell, and Pluto is routinely more frigid than the coldest place on Earth (though may change one day, and Pluto may in fact become the last oasis for life).

81. Where are the highest tides?
In Burntcoat Head, Minas Basin, part of the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, tides can range 38.4 feet (11.7 meters). The bay is funnel-shaped — its bottom slopes upward continuously from the ocean inlet. The result is an extreme “tidal bore,” a wavelike phenomenon at the leading edge of the changing tide. Bores in Fundy can travel up feeder rivers at 8 mph (13 kilometers per hour) and be more than 3 feet (1 meter) tall.

82. Where is the world’s only equatorial glacier?
Mount Cotopaxi in Ecuador supports the only glacier on the equator.

83. What is the largest lake in North America?
Lake Superior.

84. What’s the deadliest hurricane to ever hit the United States?
A Category 4 hurricane hit Galveston, Texas in 1900 and killed more than 6,000 people. The next closest death toll was less than 1,900 from a 1928 Florida hurricane.

85. What is the longest mountain chain on Earth?
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which splits nearly the entire Atlantic Ocean north to south. Iceland is one place where this submarine mountain chain rises above the sea surface.

86. How much gold has been discovered worldwide to date?
More than 193,000 metric tons (425 million pounds). If you stuck it all together, it would make a cube-shaped, seven-story structure that might resemble one of Donald Trump’s buildings. First you’d have to find all those rings that have gone down the drain.

87. What are the two major gold-producing countries?
South Africa produces 5,300 metric tons per year, and the United States produces more than 3,200 metric tons.

88. What North American plant can live for thousands of years?
The creosote bush, which grows in the Mojave, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan deserts, has been shown by radiocarbon dating to have lived since the birth of Christ. Some of these plants may endure 10,000 years, scientists say. If only they could talk.

89. On average, how much water is used worldwide each day?
About 400 billion gallons.

90. Is Saturn the only ringed planet?
Saturn has the most obvious rings. But Jupiter and Neptune both have subtle ring systems. And even Earth may once have been a ringed planet, the result of some space rock’s glancing blow.

91. What is the highest, driest, and coldest continent on Earth?
That would be Antarctica.

92. At what depth do most earthquakes occur?
Most are triggered less than 50 miles (80 kilometers) from Earth’s surface. Shallower earthquakes have more damage potential, but a temblor’s destruction also depends largely on rock and soil conditions as well as building methods.

93. Where are the oldest rocks on Earth found?
Since the ocean floor is being continually regenerated as the continental plates move across Earth’s surface, the oldest rocks on the ocean floor are less than 300 million years. In contrast, the oldest continental rocks are 4.5 billion years old.

94. What percentage of the world’s fresh water is stored as glacial ice?
About 70 percent. And if you had to replace it all, you’d need 60 years of the entire globe’s rainfall, and then you’d have to figure out a way to freeze it all.

95. What is the largest alpine lake in North America?
Lake Tahoe on the California-Nevada border has a 105,000-acre surface, holds 39 trillion gallons of water, and is almost 1,600 feet (488 meters) deep.

96. Have there always been continents?
Not as we know them today. Many scientists figure Earth began as one huge continent — dry as a bone. Water was delivered in comets, the thinking goes, and the oceans developed. Much more recently, all the world’s land masses were huddled into one supercontinent called Pangaea. It began to break up about 225 million years ago, eventually fragmenting into the continents as we know them today.

97. How much volcanic ash can fall in a day?
I can only give an example. During the nine-hour period of most vigorous activity on May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens dumped more than 540 million tons of ash over an area of more than 22,000 square miles (56,980 square kilometers). It was the most destructive volcanic eruption known to occur in the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed by the eruption including USGS scientist David Johnston, who was at a monitoring site 5 miles (8 kilometers) from the volcano. An estimated $1 billion damage was caused by the eruption, through mudflows and landslides as well as what fell from the sky.

98. What is feldspar?
A better question might be, “Who but a geologists could love feldspar?” It happens to be the most common mineral in Earth’s crust. But I couldn’t find anything about it that most of us really need to know.

99. What are the most extreme locations in the United States, compasswise?
This one is a bit tricky, and as it turns out three or even four of the answers may catch you off guard.
The westernmost point is the aptly named West Point of Amatignak Island, Alaska. The northernmost point is Point Barrow, Alaska. The southernmost point is the southern tip of the island of Hawaii. The easternmost point — go ahead, take a guess! — is Pochnoi Point at Semisopochnoi, Alaska. Huh? Look at a world map. The tip of the Aleutian Islands lies east of the 180-degree longitude line — the International Dateline — putting Pochnoi Point barely but officially in the Eastern Hemisphere.

100. If you were to arrange Earth, the moon and Mars like Matryoshka nesting dolls, how would they be ordered?
Mars would nest inside Earth, and the moon would fit neatly inside Mars. Earth is about twice as big as Mars, which is about twice as big as the Moon.

101. Will Earth always be here?
Astronomers know that over the next few billion years, the sun will swell so large as to envelop Earth. If we’re still here, we’ll probably fry and the planet will be vaporized. There’s a chance, however, that the changing mass of the sun will cause Earth to move into a more distant and pleasant orbit. One mathematical calculation shows it would be theoretically possible for humans to engineer such a move before it’s too late.

 

 

 

 









 

 

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